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Civil laws regarding kashrut (Jewish religious standards, mainly concerning food) are found in several countries. Advertising standards laws in many jurisdictions prohibit the use of the phrase ''kosher'' in a product's labelling, unless it can be shown that the product conforms to Jewish dietary laws; however, the legal qualifications for ''conforming'' to Jewish dietary laws are often defined differently in different jurisdictions. For example, in some places the law may require that a rabbi certify the ''kashrut'' nature, in others the rules of ''kosher'' are fully defined in law, and in others still it is sufficient that the manufacturer only believes that the product complies with Jewish dietary regulations. In several cases, laws restricting the use of the term ''kosher'' have later been determined to be illegal religious interference.〔See Mark A. Berman, Kosher Fraud Statutes and the Establishment Clause: Are. They Kosher?, 26 COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS. 1, 28 (1992)〕 ==United States of America== Historically, the statutes of some states in the USA〔specifically, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and Virginia, as well as local ordinances in two counties in Florida and the city of Baltimore〕 attempted to define ''kosher'', and make it a felony to sell a product which was called ''kosher'' if, in general, it was not processed in accordance with the Jewish religion. However, challenges were made to such laws on the basis that they appear to be establishment of a religious practice by the states in question, which would constitute a violation of the constitutional rule that there should be ''no law respecting an establishment of religion''. Although earlier courts upheld some of these laws, courts have since determined that the laws would establish religious practice, and therefore struck the laws down; opponents of this decision had attempted to argue that ''kashrut'' was simply a set of standards for food preparation, and therefore there would be no difference between labelling something as ''kashrut'' and labelling it as ''low sodium'', ''high-fiber'', ''pasteurised'', ''calcium-enriched'', or ''contains no cholesterol''. The legal rulings include: *The ordinance of Baltimore City which created a kosher law being found to be unconstitutional〔''(Barghout v. Bureau of Kosher Meat & Food Control )'', 66 F. 3d 1337 (4th Cir. 1995)〕 *New Jersey's Kosher laws being found to violate the Establishment clauses of both the New Jersey state constitution and the First Amendment.〔''Perretti v. Ran-Dav's County Kosher Inc.'', 289 N.J. Super 618, 674 A. 2d 647 (Superior Ct. Appellate Div 1996)〕 The opinion was affirmed by the New Jersey Supreme Court in which it found that the State's use of "Orthodox Jewish law" as a basis for the definition of kosher was an adoption of substantive religious standards which violated the State and Federal constitutions.〔129 N.J. 155〕 The State's response was to create a new law which avoids any definition of a what is or is not ''kosher''. Instead, establishments which claim to be ''kosher'' must provide details about what they mean by ''kosher'', and the State will check to ensure that this standard is adhered to. For example, ''kosher'' restaurants must display a poster (provided by the ''Kosher Food Enforcement Bureau'') on which they display the name of their rabbinic certifier, how often he inspects the place, whether or not he requires all ingredients to be kosher-supervised, and so on. In this manner, government enforcement becomes a consumer-protection issue, and avoids the problems of advancing any particular religious view. *The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit finding that the challenged provisions of New York's Kosher Fraud law ''on their face violate the Establishment Clause because they excessively entangle the State of New York with religion and impermissibly advance Orthodox Judaism''.〔''(Commack Self-Serv. Kosher Meats, Inc. v. Weiss )'', 294 F.3d 415 (2d Cir. 2002), 45 ATLA L. Rep. 282 (October 2002)〕 The Supreme Court refused to hear the case, and denied certiorari.〔123 S. Ct. 1250 (mem.) (2003)〕 The statute has since been revised and a new statute, ''The McKinney's Agriculture and Markets Law Sec. 201-a'', has since been passed. Under the new law, the state merely maintains a database of certification organizations and products.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kosher Law Enforcement )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civil laws regarding kashrut」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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